Analysis Of The Book The Bluest Eye - 1917 Words

1. Through the Big Screen and Flashing Lights In the book The Bluest Eye Mrs. Breedlove talks about who was her motivation, who gave her drive to start dressing up nice and refashioning herself. She started using celebrities as role models or a mirror to help her find ways for her to get the same physical attractiveness they have. In the book Mrs. Breedlove mentions that,†I went to see Clark Gable and Jean Harlow. I fixed my hair up like I’d seen hers on a magazine. A part on the side, with one little curl on my forehead. It looked just like her†¦ There I was, five months pregnant, trying to look like Jean Harlow, and a front tooth gone. Everything went then. Look like I just didn t care no more after that. I let my hair go, plaited it†¦show more content†¦They felt that some natural aspects of their bodies are not good enough to look beautiful† (Karupiah 11). This illustrate how women in the media serves as a reflection on ordinary women. Women idolize the beautiful women on tv and all the love and attention they get and try to mimic their physical appearance to have that feeling of beauty and acceptance. Any women who does not fit up to the latest beauty trends or the qualities of the mainstream standards of beauty will have a feeling of being isolated from society and a feeling of not looking good enough for society standards. Feelings like that can only lead up to low self esteem and a anti social attitude taking away their chances of having a happy life. Through the media society puts out high standards and expectation on women to adhere to what they say is beautiful. Making women judge mental and self consciousness about themselves and even judging other woman in a split second. In the book Mrs. Breedlove speaks on the affect the movies had on her,†She was never able, after her education in the movies, to look at a face and not assign it with some category in the scale of absolute beauty, and the scale was one she absorbed in full from the silver screen† (122). This explains how the media can cause society to be judgmental among their peer and categorize them as either beautiful or ugly. Giving society room to isolate and antagonize the ugly and adore and idolize the beautiful. 2. Through The

Media Coverage of the Emmitt Till Murder Played a Major...

On August 28, 1955, fourteen year old Emmett Till was beaten, tortured and shot. Then with barbed wire wrapped around his neck and tied to a large fan, his body was discarded into the Tallahatchi River. What was young Emmett’s offense that brought on this heinous reaction of two grown white men? When he went into a store to buy some bubble gum he allegedly whistled at a white female store clerk, who happened to be the store owner’s wife. That is the story of the end of Emmett Till’s life. Lynchings, beatings and cross-burning had been happening in the United States for years. But it was not until this young boy suffered an appalling murder in Mississippi that the eyes of a nation were irrevocably opened to the ongoing horrors of racism in†¦show more content†¦Sharpton summarizes her decision, â€Å"She found the strength to say, ‘I’ll bear my pain to save some other mother from having to go through this’. And because she put the pict ure of this young man’s body on the conscious of America she might have saved thousands of young black men and women’s lives.† The Reverend goes on to say that through the media coverage of the funeral, â€Å"She was able to graphically bring home what a thousand speeches could not† therefore forcing America face it’s problem of racism. News of Emmett Till’s murder reached media sources across the country and over the ocean. PBS’s history series The American Experience, provides a timeline of how his story spread like wildfire to newspapers around the world. PBS lists several publications which addressed the murder, causing universal public outrage at how something like this could happen to anyone, especially a child. The list includes that on September 2nd, the same day in which Mrs. Till received her son’s body in Chicago, The Jackson Daily in Mississippi published an article on the Till case. In it, they refer to the murder as a â€Å"brutal, senseless crime,† however in the same story they complain that the NAACP was placing too much attention on the incident by referring to it as a â€Å"lynching†. That same day a Belgium newspaper, Le Drapeau Rouge also published an article which was

The Analysis of Internal Control Systems free essay sample

An Investigation of Auditor Decision Processes in the Evaluation of Internal Controls and Audit Scope Decisions 1. Introduction Over the past decade numerous studies have focused on auditors judgments. With few exceptions these studies have found that when auditors are given the same task, they frequently make different decisions. This result has been obtained for relatively simple tasks (e. g. , Joyce [1976]) and relatively complex tasks (e. g. , Reckers and Taylor [1979] and Mock and Turner [1981]). While consensus of decisions is not * Visiting Assistant Professor and Professor, University of Southern California. We would like to thank William Waller and Paul Watkins for their comments on an early draft of this paper. The paper has also benefited from suggestions made by the referee. Financial support from Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co. , the Center for Accounting Research, University of Southern California, and the Graduate School, University of Wisconsin- Madison is gratefully acknowledged. [Accepted for publication August 1982. Studies indicating lack of agreement include: Joyce [1976], Reckers and Taylor [1979], Mock and Turner [1981], and Gaumnitz et al. [1982]. In addition, Ashton [1980] and Libby and Lewis [1981] cite other studies where a lack of agreement has been found. The primary exception to the lack of judgment consensus has been Ashton [1974], which has been replicated by Hamilton and Wright [1982], Ashton and Brown [1980], and Ashton and Kramer [1980]. 234 Copyright (C, Institute of Professional Accounting 1983 AUDITOR DECISION PROCESSES 235 he only criterion by which auditors judgments should be evaluated, it has been of continuing concern to practicing accountants (e. g. , Elliott [1980, p. 10]) and accounting researchers who continue to assess it in various settings. This concern is justified since consensus can be viewed as one of several necessary, although not sufficient, conditions of expert judgment (Einhorn [1974]) and since a lack of consensus may result in excessive audit costs (se e Joyce [1976, p. 31], Mock and Turner [1981], and Elliott [1980, p. 10]). What is surprising, however, is that there is virtually no evidence which can explain why a lack of consensus is often observed. 2 The research reported here was aimed at this question, using verbal protocol analysis to determine how four experienced auditors made different internal control evaluations and audit scope decisions in a relatively complex and comprehensive experimental task developed by Mock and Turner [1981]. The research is a follow-up to the experimental phase of the Mock and Turner study where approximately 200 auditors performed the same experimental task. Mock and Turner found considerable variability in auditors decisions, but their experimental treatments were unable to explain more than 24 percent of the variability. 3 It is hoped that verbal protocol analysis can be used to obtain evidence on the variables which lead to decision divergence by examining the details of subjects step-by-step information-processing behavior. When considered with Mock and Turner [1981], this research can be viewed as a multimethod investigation of auditor information-processing behavior. Such an approach has been recommended as a particularly useful way to employ verbal protocol analysis. (See Einhorn, Kleinmuntz, and Kleinmuntz [1979] and Payne, Braunstein, and Carroll [1978]. ) The overall purpose of the protocol methodology used in this research was to provide detailed evidence of information-processing and choice behavior. Such evidence should help explain any observed differences in decisions, thereby providing knowledge of auditor behavior not available from preceding experimental studies. The focus of the analysis was on the identification of the elements of each subjects problem space. A problem space is a model of an individuals cognitive representation of a task and is a major construct in Newell and Simons [1972] theory of human problem solving. Einhorn and Hogarth [1981, p. 57] have recently emphasized the importance of the problem space in understanding human behavior since different representations can lead to different decisions. Most attempts to explain differences in auditor judgments have concentrated on differences in experience or differences in audit firm association (see Joyce [1976], Hamilton and Wright [1982], and Ashton and Kramer [1980]). In general, these two factors have not provided satisfactory explanations of judgment differences. Subsequent analysis by Mock and Watkins [1981] using a multivariate approach improved the amount of variance explained. However, the variance explained was less than 50 percent in all cases. 236 JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTIN G RESEARCH, SPRING 1983 A key issue, however, is how such evidence can lead to improved judgments. To address this issue two types of situations need to be distinguished. The first consists of situations where optimal solutions are available. Here, research can identify suboptimal behavior and detailed descriptive evidence of auditor decision processes can suggest how to improve subsequent decisions. The second type involves situations in which optimal solutions are not evident. 4 This may be a result of task complexity, incompatible objectives, or a number of other factors. In such cases, the ultimate goal of improving decision making becomes much more difficult to achieve. One approach is to stress consensus in evaluating decisions. While this approach has some merit, there are situations where a consensus cannot be reached, and even if is reached, it may not provide conclusive evidence that a correct decision was made. An alternative approach, which seems to be developing in the research literature, is to gather and evaluate evidence on the components of individuals decision behavior (Hogarth and Makridakis [1981] and Einhorn and Hogarth [1981]). The assumption here is that while it may be difficult to assess the correctness of the final decision outcome, it may be possible to evaluate the decisions individual components. Both satisficing rules and normative evidence from other fields may provide evidence useful in evaluating individual components. For instance, during information acquisition, selective perception (Egeth [1967]) may lead the auditor to disregard conflicting evidence concerning the quality of internal accounting controls, resulting in overreliance on the control and excess audit risk. In complex situations, a multitude of other biases could also occur (Hogarth and Makridakis [1981]) making it difficult to specify, a priori, which of the relevant variables, biases, and heuristics to test. The type of evidence obtainable in a protocol study could be an important first step in developing knowledge which will result in better focused nomothetic audit research and ultimately in improved auditor judgment.

Life Safety Code h... free essay sample

Life Safety Code has provisions for existing as well as new high-rise buildings. NFPA 101 ®, Life Safety Code, 2012 edition, section 11.8 contains requirements potentially applicable to a high-rise building. The chapter for a specific occupancy decides whether all or a few of the section 11. 8 requirements are required for occupancy and decides if the requirements are for new or existing constructed dwellings. Amid section 11.8 needs are an approved supervised automatic sprinkler system; a Class I standpipe system; a fire alarm system alongside an accepted emergency voice/alarm communication system; two-way telephone service for fire department use; emergency lighting; standby power; and an emergency command center. Existing high-rise hotels should be protected throughout by an approved directed automatic sprinkler system. Existing high-rise health care occupancies must be Type I (442 or 332) or Type II (222) construction (as must existing health care occupancies 4-6 floors in height). As per NFPA ,construction of buildings can be categorized into various types. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Safety Code h or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This corresponds to the fire resistive construction type category previously used in NFIRS as well as a subpart of the protected noncombustible category. A provision added to the code in 2009 and modified in the 2012 edition requires existing high-rise hospitals should be guarded with automatic sprinklers within a nine-year period. Since 2006, the code requires all nursing homes, disregarding of height, to be protected with automatic sprinklers. The defined construction types can be briefly summarized by these major characteristics: †¢ Fire resistive – Concrete or fire-resistant-covered steel construction rated for 2 hours; †¢ Heavy timber – Construction where any exposed wood load-bearing members has no dimension less than 2 inches; †¢ Protected non-combustible – Concrete or fire-resistant-covered steel construction rated for 1 hours; †¢ Unprotected non-combustible – Exposed steel construction without fire-resistant covering; †¢ Protected ordinary – Masonry load-bearing walls with columns, wood floors, and roof decks all protected by fire-resistive coating rated for 1 hour; †¢Unprotected ordinary – Masonry load-bearing walls with exposed columns, wood floors, and roof decks without fire-resistive coating; †¢ Protected wood frame – Wood frame construction with wall and ceiling surfaces protected by fire-resistive covering, such as gypsum board; and †¢ Unprotected wood frame – Wood frame construction without fire-resistive covering. High-Rise Building Fires, 9/13 18 NFPA Fire Analysis Research, Quincy, MA Existing high-rise apartment buildings should have an approved directed automatic sprinkler system, installed throughout, with two exceptions. One is if every living unit has exterior exit access in accordance with section 7.5.3; and the another one is whether the building has an approved, engineered life safety system in accordance with section 31. 3.5.11.4. The latter exception for an engineered life safety system is also the only barring to the requirement for a complete, approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in existing high-rise office buildings. NFPA 1 ®, Fire Code, requires sprinkler retrofitting in all high-rise buildings. Since 1999, NFIRS (the national fire incident data base) has included an option to report fires as confined fires, in which case very little detail is required. This change encourages the reporting of very small fires, but introduces a high degree of uncertainty in the analysis of detailed characteristics of those fires